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Cubism 1907 invented by Picasso and Braque
- Attempts to break down nature into basic geometric forms, i.e. cubes (hence the name), rectangles, circles, triangles, etc.
- Formalist--any movement which stresses geometry, order, and structure will be formalist
- Artists: Picasso, Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Jean Metzinger, Francis Picabia, Robert Delaunay.
- Find examples of Cubism in your University Prints on pages: 103, 104, 106, 110.
Fauvism 1905 Henri Matisse--the leader
- Distorts reality for an expressive effect (to express a feeling or opinion)
- Uses bold, shocking color: fauve means wild beast, a name the movement was given because of the wild color. While Expressionism can use bold color, it can be black
& white. Fauvism cannot: Fauvism is electric color.
- Expressive
- Usually possesses a joyous tone: Picasso said that Matisse had the sun in his belly
- Artists: Henri Matisse, Andre Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, Georges Rouault.
- Find an example of Fauvism in your University Prints on page 101.
- Dominated by the French.
Expressionism 1905
- Distorts reality for an expressive effect
- Bold, shocking, unrealistic color
- Expressive as the name suggests
- Usually possesses a depressing tone
- Dominated by the Germans
- Artists: Ernst Kirchner, Max Beckmann, Georges Grosz, Emil Nolde, Oscar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Kathe Kollwitz, Jose Orozco, Otto Dix, Franz Marc, Wassily
Kandinsky.
- Find examples of Expressionism on page 142 of Mona Lisa.
Futurism 1909
- Emphasizes movement and technology. They wanted to show "a new beauty, the beauty of speed" (Marinetti). According to Boccioni, "a roaring racing car that seems
to run on shrapnel is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace [a famous Greek statue]."
- Dominated by the Italians
- Artists: Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo, Gino Severini.
- Find an example of Futurism on page 139 of Mona Lisa.
Abstract 1914-today
- Unless otherwise noted all quoted material below comes from The Chicago Tribune, Sunday, March 2, 1997, section 7, page 5, written by Alan Artner. "An art that
neither represents nor imitates anything from common visual experience" (Artner 5). In other words, there is no identifiable subject matter. "As representation was the
language of the past, so was abstraction the dominant language of visual art in our century" (Artner 5). Kandinsky invented abstract art around 1914.
- Find a Kandinsky on page 100 of University Prints.
Dada 1916 Marcel Duchamp--the most important
- Horrified by World War I, these artists rebelled against all of Western Civilization including its art, so sometimes this art is called anti-art. If
"civilization" could produce something as savage as the war, these artists didn't want any part of "civilization." Seeing the world as insane, they deliberately
tried to make their art nonsensical, irrational, and outrageous. Their name, Dada, suggests this nonsensical quality. They sought to startle viewers out of their complacency to
think about art and life. One of Duchamp's famous works was a real bird cage holding a thermometer, a cuttlebone, and some lumps of sugar entitled, Why Not Sneeze?
As Duchamp said, "Dada is a sort of nihilism . . . a way to get out of a state of mind to avoid being influenced by one's immediate environment or by the past: to get away from
clichés--to get free." Influenced by Sigmund Freud's ideas of the unconscious, they valued the irrational and the spontaneous.
- Artists: Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Jean (Hans) Arp, Francis Picabia, George Grosz, Man Ray.
- Find an example of Dada on page 109 of University Prints.
Surrealism 1924 Salvador Dali--the most famous
- Definition: tries to capture the irrational reality of our dreams; influenced by Sigmund Freud, the inventor of psychoanalysis. Just as our dreams are bizarre and
irrational, but meaningful, so is Surrealism. Surrealism is an outgrowth of Dada; most of the Dadaists became Surrealists.
- There are two types of Surrealism: photographic--distinct, photographic image, except something will be very wrong--for example, a hair comb the size of a
sofa; abstract--little or no identifiable subject matter, just creates a mood
- Artists: Salvador Dali, Giorgio de Chirico, Joan Miro, Yves Tanguy, Rene Magritte, Paul Delvaux, & Meret Oppenheim.
- Find an example of Surrealism on page 112 of University Prints.
Kinetic art--1930
- "Sculpture that moves--something less than a machine and more than a toy" (Artner 5).
- Artists: Alexander Calder, Naum Gabo, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Jean Tinguely, & George Rickey."
- Find an example of a Calder on page 164 of Annotated Mona Lisa.
Abstract Expressionism 1943 Jackson Pollock--the most famous
- As the name suggests, there is little or no identifiable subject matter, i.e. the paintings are abstract.
- As the name also suggests, the paintings express the feelings of the artists, i.e. the paintings are expressive. These works are almost like the artist's
handwriting or signature. Certainly this is true of Pollock. Our signatures are so unique that they are legally binding, and our handwriting reveals our personality. These works
have the personal quality of penmanship.
- Artists: Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell, Lee Krasner, Mark Rothko, Arshile Gorky, Clyfford Still, Franz Kline, & Barnett Newman
- Dominated by the Americans
- Find an example of Abstract Expressionism on page 116 of University Prints.
Pop 1955 Andy Warhol--the most famous
- Pop art takes imagery from popular culture (hence the name) like stop signs, flags, cereal boxes, comic strips, etc.
- Formalist--usually these works are very realistic and are, therefore, objective, revealing little of the artist's personality. Warhol said that he didn't want
to feel anything.
- Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, David Hockney, & Claes Oldenburg.
- Find an example of Pop on page 117 of University Prints.
Op 1955 Victor Vasarely--the most famous
- Op Art creates optical illusions as its name suggests.
- Formalist--once again, any movement that stresses such mathematical precision will be formalist. Vasarely scorned expressive artists as egotistical and
self-indulgent.
- Artists: Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz, & Lawrence Poons.
- Fnd an example of Op on page 113 of University Prints.
Minimalism--1960
- Minimalism tries to purge art of everything that is not essential. "Minimalism refers either to the paring down of visual variation within an image, or to the degree of
artistic effort required to produce it. The result is an art form that is purer and more absolute than any other, stripped of incidental references and uncorrupted by subjectivity."
(Sister Wendy Beckett. The Story of Painting. New York: D.K. Publishing, 1994.)
- Formalist--these artists are objective. They don't want to show their personalities; therefore they tend to use neutral color, hard, industrial materials, and show no
brushwork (too personal!). As Frank Stella said, "What you see is what you see."
- Artists: Ad Reinhardt, Frank Stella, Agnes Martin, Dorothea Rockburne, Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Sol
Lewitt, & Robert Morris.
- Find an example of Minimalism on page 177 of Annotated Mona Lisa.
Conceptual art--late 1960s to present
- "Ideas in their most basic form, statements rather than physical realizations; the idea rather than the physical object is the most important aspect of the work. A
significant movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s that has a strong influence on art produced today" (Artner 5). An example of a conceptional work might be an idea of a work typed on a
piece of paper and hung on the museum wall because it is the creative idea rather than the finished product that it is important.
- Artists: Bruce Nauman, Chris Burden, Jenny Holzer, Hans Haacke, Joseph Beuys, John Baldessari, & Barbara Kruger.
- Find pictures of conceptual art on pages 178 &179 and the lower left of page 190 (Kruger) of Annotated Mona Lisa--
Photorealism--1965
- Art, especially painting, that looks like a photograph.
- Artists: Chuck Close, Richard Estes, Audrey Flack, Charles Bell, Guy Johnson, and sculpture Duane Hanson.
- Find an example of Photorealism on page 187 of Annotated Mona Lisa.
Environmental art--late 1960s
- "Sculpture that is less an object than a place viewers might enter in a gallery or natural landscape. An art
that gets around the issues of sale and ownership by either being temporary or represented by photographs and other documentation" (Artner 5). These artists are rebelling against the
reality that art is usually made for and bought by the rich: this art cannot be bought or sold and is free for everyone to experience. These artists are also environmentalists as the name
suggests. This is a type of Conceptual art. See Conceptual art.
- Artists: Christo Javachef ( commonly called Christo), Richard Serra, & Robert Smithson.
- Find an example of Environmental Art in the upper right of page 21 of Annotated Mona Lisa --Smithson's Spiral Jetty.
Post-Modernism--1970-present
- Modern art stressed the importance of the originality of the artist. Each new artistic movement was seen as an advance in expression, and the famous artists and
important movements were seen as a cultural dominant mainstream. Post-Modernism rejects these two ideas.
- In denying that originality is possible anymore, Post-Modernism stresses appropriation from the past; in other words, it consciously borrows from the past.
- Rather than a cultural mainstream, Post-Modernism stresses "pluralism, the acceptance of a variety of artistic intentions and styles" (Marilyn Stokstad)
- Post-Modernism is often issue-oriented, concerned with issues like race, feminism, ethnicity, environmentalism, social consciousness, etc.
- Artists: Julian Schnabel, Anselm Kiefer, Sigmar Polke, Sherrie Levine, Barbara Kruger, Kiki Smith, Jeff Wall, David Hammons, Louise Bourgeois, Jenny Holzer, Faith Ringgold,
Judy Chicago, Jean-Michel Basquiat, & Cindy Sherman.
- Find examples of Post-Modern art on pgs. 190-193 of Annotated Mona Lisa.
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